All EVs employ rechargeable batteries, so proper care of these batteries is critical to operation of the vehicle. To see how they impact vehicle design and the electrical grid, we have to look at the characteristics of these batteries, which are usually li-ion.
EV battery packs are made up of multiple cell modules arranged in series and in parallel. The battery pack has a battery management system (BMS) that monitors components close to the battery cells themselves. During the charging and discharging of an EV battery, each cell within the battery pack must be closely and accurately monitored, because unbalanced cell voltage conditions can impact battery performance.circuits, due to their high volumetric efficiency and excellent price performance ratio.[1] Unfortunately, their characteristics change with operating frequency, whereas an ideal capacitor’s impedance decreases with frequency. But, in the real world this is not seen in the laboratory. Increasing frequency up to a certain point leads to the expected impedance reduction but increasing frequency causes the impedance to increase, i.e., it acts like a resonance circuit. To model the behavior of an actual capacitor requires the addition of extra elements to the capacitor model. ESR is actually the resistance that a capacitor shows in the border between capacitor-like behavior and inductor-like behavior, i.e., resistance at the resonance frequency.
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